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Qualitative Interviewing: The art of hearing data (研究方法─質性訪談)

Page history last edited by 舒婷 11 years, 3 months ago

Rubin, H. J. & Rubin, I. S. (2005) Qualitative Interviewing: The art of hearing data.(2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks. CA:Sage. Chap 1,7,8,10,11,12

 

請同步參照逸姿學姊的導讀&翻譯

 

Chap.1 Listening, Hearing, and Sharing Social Experiences

 (細聆、聽聞、分享社會經驗)

一般社會研究(social research)和質性社會研究(naturalistic, qualitative social research)之差異:

前者常見的方法是問卷調查、分析數據、實驗;後者則使用參與式觀察(參與其中或從旁觀察)及質性訪談(問問題!)。

The Uses of Qualitative Interviewing

    為什麼做質性訪談:解釋為什麼、舉例、描述經驗

    藉此了解受訪者經驗並重構該事件

    質性訪談特長:描述社會與政治進程─解釋世事如何變化、為什麼這樣變化(how and why things change)

    質性訪談所挖掘出的深度,可補齊那些曾經被忽略的、或不曾被重視的 (remedy the omissions)

    深入個人(亦私人)議題

    藉著質性訪談,重新檢視問題,發現新的、不同的解決方案或可能

    好的質性訪談應該要:立足點是單一/個人的,但視野是全面、多元的。不要太快推導結論

A family of qualitative interviews 

◎何謂質性訪談:透由研究者溫婉引導對話夥伴發言、互動、延伸討論的諸多談話總和 (…conversations in which a researcher gently guides a conversational partner in an extended discussion)

◎每次訪談都是獨一無二的。兩面向的看法:問題廣度(breadth of focus: narrow or broad)、聚焦的主題(subject of focus: meaning or description),排列組合成以下不同種類:

 

Narrowly focused scope

In-between

Broadly focused scope

Focused mainly on meanings and frameworks

Concept clarification

Theory elaboration

Ethnographic interpretation

In-between

Exit interview

Oral histories

Organizational culture

Life history

Focused mainly on events and processes

Investigative interviewing

Action research

Evaluation research

Elaborated case studies

 

Cultural and Topical Interviews as Ideal Types

    文化訪談(cultural interviews)&主題訪談(topical interviews):攝影師與畫家

    文化訪談針對日常生活、習以為常的或共有的歷史事件、價值觀、儀式等;主題訪談則探究特定情境下所發生的事件內涵

    文化訪談的方法:不預設議題/問題(建立信任關係);多積極聆聽;先觀察、再提問

    主題訪談的方法:探究what, when, how, why,以及因果關係;相較於前者,問題是預先準備的、較聚焦;問法較直接

Shared Characteristics of In-Depth Qualitative Interviews

    質性訪談的立論基礎:自然性的、詮釋性的

    質性訪談:從日常對話出發、從日常對話延伸(多聽、更用心的聽)─Qualitative researchers listen to hear the meaning of what interviewees are telling them.

    和受訪者是夥伴關係:研究者與受訪者共同成就;個人的視野與世界觀;不要硬加(自己、而非受訪者覺得重要的)問題

The Organization of the Book and the Responsive Interviewing Model

    responsive interviewing; an ongoing process, analyzing and interviewing alternate throughout a study

    not simply learning about a topic, but also learning what is important to those being studies.

 

Chap.7 Structuring the Interview 打造訪談

得到好答案(good answers);運用主問題(main questions)、接著問(follow-up questions)與小技巧(探針─probes)

Good Answers

    深度與細節(depth and detail)

    活靈活現(vividness)

    幽微/絃外之音(nuance): subtlety of meaning

    豐富(richness)

Main Questions, Follow-Up Questions, and Probes

主問題(Main Questions)

◎訪談的鷹架、骨幹

◎要確保自己準備的主問題,涵蓋(研究主題的)所有議題

◎轉譯(translate)之必要:避免用術語行話,調整成受訪者聽得懂、和他們相關的問法

◎訪談前先準備好自己的主問題(不要太多個,一般是6、問3-4)

◎避免限制或預設受訪者的回答

接著問(Follow-Up Questions)

    主問題之外的額外問題(additional questions)接著問問題,有助於獲得較多細節、較細緻且具深度的訪談內容

    問哪些問題?對受訪者而言很重要、且與研究者研究主題相關的;研究者沒預期會聽到但覺得有助研究的新概念、主題或想法

    別太著急─通常有機會再做第二次訪談

    不是靈光一現─接著問問題,仍仰賴研究者事前對相關主題的了解與充分準備

小技巧(探針─Probes)

 

When to Use Main Questions, Follow-Ups, and Probes

    從主問題開始,接著問那些有趣的、研究者覺得和主題相關或聽起來不一致的議題和說法。

    讀一讀自己的訪談筆記,從中找出可深入的議題,再約下回訪談時間。

    哪些狀況不適合接著問:發現受訪者開始裝模作樣的時候(put on a front)。因此,多聽多觀察,不要勉強問問題。

    讓受訪者自由表述,避免帶批判性的問法。

    善用小技巧─話別太長、別太頻繁。

Structuring Interviews by Combining Main Questions, Follow-Up Questions, and Probes

※譬喻:打高爾夫球

※不同使用策略,例如evaluation interview, life historyoral history較依賴主問題的內容/問法;concept clarification則需要不斷接著問問題以釐清概念。

※三種模組架構,以利研究者靈活運用:

(1) 開鎖型(Opening the locks)

(2) 大樹型(Tree and branch)

(3) 河道型(river and channel)

Preparing Conversational Guides準備教戰手冊!

    清楚列出主問題的草案(protocol)、速記(jotting)、大師清單(master checklist)和大綱(outline)

    研究初期的教戰手冊,簡單扼要即可。

    教戰手冊也是道具!

Chap.8 Designing Main Questions and Probes

訪談如何進行:[主問題+小技巧][接著問]

How to Formulate Main Questions

    轉譯的必要(translate)

    對主題熟悉→好好準備問題;對主題不熟悉→鼓勵受訪者多發表

    問自己需要的資訊(Asking main questions to obtain the information you know you need)─前提,擁有對該主題的背景知識。

    對議題不甚理解→請受訪者多從整體情境談起(Asking about the components of the broader setting);不要一開始問太大的問題,分段/分部提問。

    擴張&演化:主問題會隨訪談過程調整、增加;初期研究後,研究者可能會調整研究焦點 (Main questions both expand and evolve)

 

Wording Main Questions

Some general principles for developing main questions

    從較廣問題問起;若帶入個人經驗作為提問引子,要特別注意問法

    不要直問研究問題/用字需調整

    不要問Yes/No問題

    不要常問受訪者「為什麼」,研究者應從訪談資料中論證

    盡量以客觀方式提問;避免明確要求受訪者依個人意見表述(否則受訪者可能會為了意見前後一致而調整說辭)

Formulating the main questions so interviewees can respond

    以受訪者角度出發:以他們能懂、能分享的方式提問

    不要A去回答B的問題

Wording broad-scope questions

    tour questionsminitour questions

    小技巧:broad initiation questions; hypothetical examples; comparison or contrast questions

More focused main questions

    用字要精準(不妨參雜一點點行話);受訪者會因此覺得你很上道

    小技巧:chronology questions; stage questions; confirmatory questions

Question wording changes in response to the interviewee

受訪者可能離題,但不用因此焦急─也許他們提供更有趣、精采的資訊。保持開放心胸!

 

Purpose and Wording of Probes

Managing the conversation

--continuation probes 例如 Then what? Can we talk about that?

--elaboration probes 例如 Could you give me an example? Ask for a story!

--attention probes 簡言之,正增強

--clarification probes 不只是問”What?”

--steering probes 導回原軌的技巧

Probes asked in anticipation of the analysis

--sequence probes 問同期發生的其他事件

--evidence probes 一手資料

--slant probes 找出受訪者的視角、可能帶有的偏見

 

Chap.10 The First Phase of Analysis: Preparing Transcripts and Coding Data

Guiding characteristics of data analysis in responsive interviewing

    邊訪談邊分析邊訪談(Analysis occurs throughout the research)

    從訪談資料中表現人類生活的複雜度、更要從這些訪談資料「使複雜易於理解」(Qualitative data analysis is not about counting)

    記憶不可靠,逐字稿、筆記最有效(Intuition and memory do not substitute for systematic examination)

    訪談資料的拆組/單位(Data units are combined in distinct ways depending on the research purpose)

Anticipating final analysis: transcripts, memos, and summaries

※逐字稿(transcripts)─不同精準程度的都要準備。特別注意:自己摘要或確為受訪者所言之差別

※備忘/筆記(memos)─過程中所想到的都記下來!亦有助於撰寫最後篇章。建立「名言錦句」筆記(notable quotes)

※摘要(summary)─摘要人事地物等資訊,記得註記這段訪談的重點/核心概念

Beginning of analysis

    訪談稿備分!

    分析步驟:辨識(recognition)concept, theme, event, topical markerclarifysynthesizeelaborationcoding (systematically labeling)

以下提供步驟和分析技巧:

Recognizing, refining, defining, and elaborating

Looking for concepts and themes suggested in the literature

Looking for concepts and themes in your own interview

--Questions you asked

--Concepts and themes interviewees frequently mention

--Concepts and themes indirectly revealed

--Concepts and themes that emerge from comparing interviews

--Concepts and themes suggest new concepts and themes

--Typologies suggest concepts and themes

--Figures of speech, slogans, and symbols suggest concepts and themes

--Stories suggest concepts and themes

--Creating concepts through your own labeling

Creating consistent and refined definition

Physically coding the interviews: 編碼的記號;編碼大綱

Coding using the grounding theory approach 相對於本書建議的responsive interviewing approach

 

Chap.11 Analyzing Coded Data

Building toward Narratives and Description

Sorting and summarizing 分類、摘要

Sorting and ranking 分類、排序

Sorting and combining 分類、合在一起看

Integrating, checking, and modifying

The Second Stageof Your Data Analysis: Building toward Theory

Examining your own questioning patterns

Concepts or themes discussed together

Building on published literature

Reasoning how different themes are connected

Elements of a full theory

Extending your findings beyond the research setting

Theory building in the grounded-theory model

Computers and Qualitative Data Analysis

 

Chap.12 Presenting the Results

Ways in which Qualitative Reports are Disseminated

 

Managing Style and Tone

Style

 

Tone

 

Starting to Write

Focused summary

Outlining

Drafting the manuscript

Revamping and revising your essay

Judging the quality of writing

--engaging and readable

--rich and nuanced writing

--thoroughness and credibility

Getting feedback

 

Getting Published

 

 

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